The relationship between the state system and the political system
1. Difference ① The state system is the nature of the country, which reflects the status of each social class in the country.
②Government is the form of state management and the organizational form of state power.
2. Contact
① The national system determines the political system, and the political system reflects the national system.
② A certain political system serves a certain national system. An appropriate political system can consolidate the national system, and an inappropriate political system can harm the national system. (The reaction of the political system on the national system)
③The political system is relatively independent. (The state system is the decisive factor that affects the political system, but it is not the only factor. The geographical environment, cultural traditions, external forces, historical origins, class power balance, traditional habits, international environment, population quality, development level, etc. can all be factors that affect the political system. Because Affected by these factors, countries with the same state system may also adopt different political systems. In different periods of the same country, the political system may also change)
★Democracy and constitutional monarchy
——From the perspective of the formation methods of state power organs and heads of state and their scope of powers
1. Democratic Party and System
(1) Democratic Party The meaning of Hezhi: Democracy and Hezhi is a political system that is opposed to monarchy and autocracy. It is a democratic government established in compliance with the basic principles of democracy.
(2) The main manifestations of democratic democracy: In democratic countries, state power organs and heads of state are elected.
(3) Differences between democratic and democratic countries - caused by differences in the nature of the country and specific national conditions
① More developed capitalist countries: hypocrisy, effectiveness, Class limitations (in more developed capitalist countries, the bourgeoisie uses the power of money to cover up the class nature of their country in the form of democracy, and democratic democracy and democracy become their way to effectively manage the country and maintain bourgeois rule. The best political shell.)
②Some developing countries: copying and not adapting (some developing countries copy the democratic political system model of developed capitalist countries, but because it is not in line with their own national conditions , it is impossible to protect the economic and political rights of its people, and it is difficult to effectively perform state functions. There are frequent changes in political power and constant social unrest.)
③ my country’s state management form: the People’s Congress system (reflects the The nature of our country is in line with the national conditions, guarantees that the people are the masters of the country, and has strong vitality)
2. Constitutional monarchy
(1) The meaning of constitutional monarchy: the head of state is hereditary The monarch holds the position, but within the framework of the constitution, the monarch's power is restricted to varying degrees.
(2) The emergence of constitutional monarchy: Generally speaking, it is the product of incomplete bourgeois revolution or the improvement of the monarchy. (3) Classification of constitutional monarchy: parliamentary constitutional monarchy (UK, Japan) and dualist constitutional monarchy (Saudi Arabia, Jordan)
(4) The operation of state power in capitalist countries that implement parliamentary constitutional monarchy and Democracies are basically the same as political states.
★Parliamentary system, presidential system, semi-presidential system, committee system
——From the perspective of the relationship between the legislative body and the executive agency
1. Parliamentary system ( Cabinet system, parliamentary cabinet system, responsible cabinet system): (Take the United Kingdom as an example)
① The government has overall administrative power of the country and is responsible to the parliament.
② The government is formed on the basis of parliament, and the head of government is generally the leader of the political party or party alliance that holds a majority of seats in the parliament.
③The head of government often selects cabinet members from among members of parliament who have basically the same political views and submits them to the head of state for appointment.
④The government accepts the supervision of the parliament and reports its work to the parliament regularly.
⑤ When the parliament expresses no confidence in the government, the government must resign collectively, or the head of government must ask the head of state to dissolve the parliament, hold a new parliamentary election, and establish a new government based on the results of the new parliamentary election.
2. Presidential system: (Take the United States as an example)
① The president serves as the head of state and head of government.
②The president is not only the symbol and representative of the country, but also directly exercises the highest administrative power of the country.
③The president is independent of parliament and is directly or indirectly elected by voters. According to the constitution, there are generally term limits.
④The president is only responsible to the voters, not to the parliament.
3. Semi-presidential system: As the head of state, the president has certain administrative powers; the government still has a cabinet prime minister, who is responsible to the parliament but not to the president. This form of management has the characteristics of both a parliamentary system and a presidential system, and is called a semi-presidential system. (Take France as an example)
4. Committee system: The legislative and executive organs are combined into one, and the deliberation and action are integrated. (Switzerland)
2. Countries with unique characteristics (personality)
(1) United Kingdom (the structure, characteristics and essence of the British constitutional monarchy)
1 , The structure of the British constitutional monarchy: The main institutions of the British constitutional monarchy include the king, parliament, and cabinet
(1) King: a virtual head of state with a symbolic status, but still plays an important role.
A. Status: virtual head of state, symbolic status
B. In today’s Britain, the main role of the king:
① It is national unity and national unity symbol of.
② It is the coordinator and buffer of British party struggles and social contradictions.
③ Provide opinions and suggestions to the Prime Minister and ministers and play a consulting role.
④ Become a link between the member states of the Commonwealth.
⑤ Perform political and social functions and maintain the stability of the bourgeois regime.
C. Prospects: The survival or failure of the constitutional monarchy depends on both historical and cultural factors and the social functions of the king itself, but in the final analysis it depends on the needs of bourgeois rule.
(2) Parliament: the country’s highest legislative body, which mainly plays the role of legislators and supervisors.
A. Composition and respective powers
① House of Commons: "Supreme Parliament", which has great power, including legislative power, financial power and supervisory power. It is the highest administrative power. source.
②House of Lords: The House of Lords only plays a supporting role in the parliamentary system, which is manifested in supervising the work of the House of Commons, assisting the House of Commons in legislation, and amending or vetoing bills through the exercise of "delay power".
B. Current situation: Since the 20th century, the actual power of the British Parliament has been shrinking.
(3) Cabinet: the highest administrative organ of the country, arising from the parliament and responsible to the parliament.
A. The status of the cabinet: the highest national administrative agency in the UK and the core leadership agency of the British government.
B. The emergence of the cabinet: According to convention, after the parliamentary election, the king summons the leader of the majority party, appoints him as the prime minister and authorizes the formation of the cabinet. The leader of the party proposes a list of cabinet members from among the party's members and asks the king to appoint them.
C. The power of the cabinet: very large, mainly including ① formulating domestic and foreign policies; ② submitting bills to the parliament and policies that need to be reviewed by the parliament; ③ exercising the highest administrative power; ④ coordinating and determining the functions and powers of various government departments; ⑤ Take emergency action when the country is in a state of emergency; ⑥ Announce early elections when necessary.
D. The powers and restrictions of the Prime Minister: The Prime Minister has very broad powers, which can be said to combine the power of the party, government, and military. But it is still subject to certain restrictions:
① The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the parliament. If the majority of the cabinet and the parliamentary group believe that the prime minister is no longer competent, he must step down; (the cabinet and the parliamentary group must not trust him) Step down)
②Parliament has the right to supervise the cabinet and prime minister; (parliamentary supervision)
③The king has the right to consult and warn the prime minister; (the king’s right to consult and warn)< /p>
④Public opinion and the opposition parties are always paying attention to the Prime Minister's every move and restricting his "excessive" behavior. (Concerns of public opinion and opposition parties)
2. Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy
(1) There is both separation of powers and restrictions among the king, parliament, and cabinet.
① Parliament is the country’s highest legislative body, playing legislative and supervisory roles, and is the highest source of administrative power;
② The cabinet is the country’s highest administrative organ, arising from the parliament and composed of the members of the parliament. The political party with a majority of seats is composed of parties responsible for the parliament;
③The king exercises formal power according to the will of the cabinet and assumes ceremonial functions such as head of state.
(2) Although there is decentralization of power and restrictions between the king, parliament and cabinet, the boundaries of decentralization of power are not very clear, and the overlap of powers is prominent. (For example, the House of Commons has fiscal power, as does the Prime Minister)
(3) British law gives Parliament the supreme status. However, since the mid-20th century, the actual power of parliament has been shrinking.
3. The essence of the British constitutional monarchy:
(1) From the perspective of the royal family: The British king and royal family have been inherited from generation to generation, possess huge assets, and have evolved into representatives of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. .
(2) From the perspective of parliament: ①Parliament is "a place for wealthy people to discuss matters." (The composition of the Upper House and the Lower House) ② From the perspective of governing philosophy and policies, there is no essential difference between the Upper House and the Lower House of Parliament, and both serve to maintain the capitalist system.
(3) From the perspective of the cabinet, the Conservative Party and the Labor Party take turns forming the cabinet. Although they represent different interest groups and classes, they both maintain the capitalist system.
(4) In summary, from the perspective of the structure of the British constitutional monarchy, the royal family, parliament and cabinet are all composed of representatives of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy. Their personnel composition and implemented policies illustrate that this political system In essence, it is an organizational form of bourgeois power.
(2) France (France’s national institutions, the operation and characteristics of the French political system)
1. France’s national institutions
A. President (1) Status: The President of France is the head of state, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the center of national power.
(2) Generation and term of office: Directly elected by voters for a term of five years. (3) Main powers ①—⑥ (P30)
B. Government
(1) The status of the Prime Minister: Head of Government
(2) The emergence of the Prime Minister : The presidential appointment must accept the prime ministerial candidate recommended by the majority party in the parliament.
(3) The main powers of the Prime Minister: ①—⑤ (P30)
C. Parliament
The Parliament is composed of the National Assembly and the Senate. Each exercises different powers. The main powers of the National Assembly: legislative power; fiscal power; supervisory power. In the exercise of legislative power, the Senate and the National Assembly have equal powers.
2. The operation of the French political system
A. The French president is the center of national power. The president uses the power granted by the constitution to play an important role on the French political stage and directly leads the country's administrative power. implementation.
The president directly leads the implementation of national administrative power by appointing and removing the prime minister, organizing the government, and presiding over cabinet meetings, especially playing a decisive role in the fields of national defense and foreign affairs. When the country encounters major problems, the president can control the national situation and determine the country's destiny by dissolving the National Assembly, holding a referendum, declaring a state of emergency, etc.
B. The prime minister leads the government to specifically exercise state administrative power, and the government is responsible to the parliament.
C. Parliament has legislative and supervisory powers and plays an important role in the operation of the country's political system.
Parliament’s supervision and restriction of the government is reflected in many aspects: ① The government’s policy agenda and various reform plans, legislative amendments and proposals must be approved by the two houses of parliament before they can take effect; ② The annual fiscal budget must be approved by the Passed by the Parliament; ③ The Parliament can restrict government activities through the provisions of "the government is responsible to the Parliament", and can hold the government's political responsibility through inquiries, votes of no confidence or even impeachment.
3. Characteristics of the French political system
A. Semi-presidential system and semi-parliamentary system
(1) Contains elements of the presidential system: ①The president is elected by universal suffrage; ②The president In charge of the highest administrative power; ③The president appoints and removes the prime minister and organizes the government; ④The president is not responsible to the parliament, etc.
(2) Including factors of parliamentary system: ①The government is responsible to the parliament rather than the president; ②The parliament can decide whether to leave the government by voting on a motion of no confidence in the government.
B. Administrative dual system
(1) Generally speaking, since the president and the prime minister both have administrative power, people call the French administrative leadership system the "administrative dual system" ".
(2) Generally speaking, the president and the prime minister have a basic division of labor:
①The president controls major political policies, and the prime minister is responsible for specific administration;
②The president takes the lead status, the prime minister takes orders from the president;
③The president’s policy focus is national defense and diplomacy, while the prime minister’s policy focus is domestic affairs and economy.
C. Left-right politics (a unique phenomenon caused by the French political structure)
(1) Meaning: The power of the president and prime minister comes from different parties.
(2) Reason: The president and the prime minister have different sources of power. The president is directly elected by the electorate, and Congress cannot control the electorate. Although the Prime Minister is directly appointed by the President, he is accountable to the Parliament. Therefore, when the president appoints the prime minister, he must accept the prime minister candidate recommended by the majority party in the parliament, otherwise the government led by the prime minister will not be able to operate normally. The majority party in parliament is not necessarily the same party as the president, so there will be a situation of "left-right governance" in which the president and the prime minister are not of the same party.
D. Multi-party system
(1) Number: more than forty
(2) Main manifestations:
①Always Failed to form two major parties that can influence the political situation;
②There are parties outside the party and factions within the party, and there are many parties;
③As the middle class grows, left- and right-wing parties There is a tendency to move closer to the middle.
★★The similarities, differences and reasons for the differences between the British and French political systems
1. The differences between the British and French political systems
2. The differences between the British and French political systems Reason: The two countries have different historical backgrounds of bourgeois revolution, balance of class forces, and political and cultural traditions.
(1) The historical background and class power comparison of the bourgeois revolutions in the two countries are different:
① In the British bourgeois revolution, the bourgeoisie formed an alliance with the new aristocracy, forming a stronger force than the feudal forces. The powerful force forced the feudal aristocrats to take the path of compromise after the revolution, so Britain finally established a constitutional monarchy through revolution and reform.
② Before the Great Revolution, the feudal power in France was particularly powerful, and the royal power was highly concentrated. The feudal forces adopted high-pressure policies against the bourgeoisie and peasants. The bourgeoisie and the broad masses of the people could hardly reach a compromise with them. They could only adopt a thorough bourgeois revolutionary method to overthrow the feudal royal power, abolish the monarch, and establish a democratic government and system.
(2) Different political and cultural traditions
①The British political and cultural traditions are relatively conservative, good at compromise, and political reform often adopts a gradual approach.
②The French bourgeois Enlightenment thinkers before the French Revolution launched a fierce criticism of religious theology and feudal autocracy, forming a radical revolutionary political culture in France.
3. The most common points between the British and French political systems
(1) From the perspective of the relationship between political system and state system, both political systems belong to the form of governance of capitalist countries;
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(2) From the perspective of the nature and role of the ruling parties, the class nature of the ruling parties in the two countries is the same, and they are both bourgeois parties;
(3) From the perspective of the operation mode of state power, The changing trends of the power agencies of the two countries are similar, with parliamentary power shrinking and administrative power strengthening;
(4) From the perspective of the evolution and development of the political systems, both countries are gradually maturing, but the same Faced with many troubles and disadvantages caused by the inherent contradictions of capitalist society.
(3) United States
1. Federalism
(1) Characteristics of federalism
①The federation and states share political power . The federal government exercises the “enumerated powers” of the Constitution and those powers that may be derived from the “enumerated powers” as interpreted by the Supreme Court. State governments have “reserved powers” and deal primarily with matters within their own state.
②The federal government and states enjoy the highest power within their respective powers. Under a federal system, both the federal government and states enjoy direct jurisdiction over the people and are not allowed to interfere arbitrarily with each other.
③The federal status is higher than that of the state. The federal constitution, laws, and treaties concluded in the name of the federation apply nationwide, and states must abide by them: State constitutions or laws that conflict with the federal constitution, laws, or treaties are void.
(2) Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism
A. The greatest advantage of federalism is that it ensures the flexibility and creativity of the states while maintaining the federation as a strong and unified country.
B. The biggest problem with the American federal system is
① It is not efficient, ② The federal government and state governments argue and buck each other, and ③ each state government operates independently.
2. Two-party system
(1) Characteristics of American political parties
① From a functional perspective, the main function of a political party is to organize elections. (Note: Winning elections is the main goal and existence value of a political party.)
② From a structural point of view, both parties in the United States have a four-layer pyramid structure. There is no vertical leadership relationship between superiors and subordinates, only work. relationship.
③From the perspective of requirements, neither party has a fixed party program and no party discipline to bind party members. Ordinary party members are free to come and go and are not obliged to obey the instructions of the party organization.
④ Judging from the trend, the organizational functions of American political parties have gradually weakened since the 1970s.
(2) The essence of the two-party system
① There is no essential difference between the two parties in the United States in terms of ideology and class basis. They all uphold the capitalist democratic system, represent the interests and will of the bourgeoisie, agree with the current political and economic systems of the United States, and advocate individualist values. (4 cities)
②Although there are obvious differences in the policies and opinions of the two parties in the United States on some specific issues, these policy differences only serve as the basis for the operation of the two-party system and make It does not depart from the fundamental values of the United States.
③In the election, the two parties compete for votes and propose policy proposals that are in the interests of voters. This objectively reflects a certain degree of public opinion and provides a channel for people to participate in national political life to a certain extent. But in essence, the two-party system is a mechanism for mutual supervision and checks and balances between different interest groups of the bourgeoisie.
④ From the perspective of the operation of the two-party system, the American election campaign is a power game for the rich and a money game for the powerful.
⑤The essence of the two-party system is a party system that serves the capitalist system. It is a political system that safeguards the economic foundation of capitalist private ownership and safeguards the interests of the bourgeoisie.
Note: "Dual separation of powers, checks and balances" refers to which two systems implemented in the United States? What two governments do the “two governments” refer to? (4 points)
(1) Federalism and separation of powers, the federal government and state governments. 4 points
(2) The main reasons for the low turnout in the U.S. election are:
3. Separation of powers - the basic principle for the formation and operation of the U.S. federal government
(1) The meaning of the separation of powers
The country’s legislative, executive and judicial powers are exercised independently by the parliament, government and courts respectively, while at the same time they restrict each other to maintain a balance of power. According to This principle of separation of powers and checks and balances is used to organize state organs and exercise state power.
(2) Separation of three powers and checks and balances in the United States (the core content of the principle of separation of powers: separation of powers, restrictions and balance.)
A. Separation of three powers: legislative power Belongs to the Congress, executive power belongs to the President, and judicial power belongs to the federal courts at all levels
B. Checks and balances of power
The performance of the restrictions on the agencies to which the legislative power belongs
The President’s Constraints by the Court
Congress ① The president has the power to veto congressional legislation (legislative veto power); ② Can issue executive orders with legal effect (executive power); ③ He also has the power to initiate legislation (legislative initiative power) . The court has the power to declare that laws enacted by Congress violate the federal constitution (unconstitutionality review power).
Restraints on the agencies under executive power
Constraints of the President, Congress, and constraints of the courts
①The establishment and funding of administrative agencies must be approved by Congress (finance power); ② Congress also has the power to supervise administrative implementation, expenditures and official behavior (supervision power). ① The U.S. Supreme Court can declare executive orders issued by the president and rules and regulations promulgated by administrative agencies to be unconstitutional (the power to review unconstitutionality); ② It can make new interpretations of the Constitution through case judgments and expand or limit the power of the president (the power to interpret the constitution).
Constraints on the agencies under which the judicial power belongs
Constraints by the President on the courts Constraints by Congress
① Judges are nominated by the President and appointed with the consent of the Senate (the power to nominate federal judges ); ② The number of judges of the Supreme Court and the establishment of other federal courts are determined by Congress, and the president can also exert influence. ① Congress can change the composition of the court by approving the appointment of judges or impeaching judges (appointment approval power and impeachment power); ② Congress, together with the states, can use constitutional amendments to overturn the Supreme Court's ruling (constitutional amendment power) .
(3) The pros and cons of the separation of powers in the United States
A. Positive effects: The principles of separation of powers and checks and balances are useful for ① opposing feudal autocracy, ② regulating various groups within the bourgeoisie interests, ③maintaining the capitalist democratic system has its positive role.
B. Class limitations and negative effects:
① (Limitations) Since the working people do not occupy a dominant position in the state power, it is impossible to exert influence on the use of power. Significant influence. The so-called separation of powers and checks and balances have actually become a mechanism for coordinating the distribution of power within the bourgeoisie.
② (Low efficiency) An inevitable result of implementing the separation of powers and checks and balances is that the three major power organs are at odds with each other, resulting in low efficiency. P53 Materials
③ (Difficult to implement) Even in the United States, the principle of separation of powers is difficult to truly implement in political practice.
(4) The essence of the separation of powers in the United States
The separation of powers in the United States is essentially a bourgeois democratic system. It effectively maintains the rule of the American bourgeoisie. However, the majority of working people cannot enjoy true democracy under this system.
4. Interest group system
(1) Activity methods of interest groups
A. The tools used by American interest groups to influence government decision-making - money, number of people and Knowledge
① Interest groups with strong financial resources mainly rely on money to intervene in politics.
② If interest groups without economic strength can attract a large number of votes through their members, politicians will not dare to look down upon them.
③ It is also important to be able to provide government officials with the required knowledge in a timely manner. The drafting and revision of many bills is completed by interest groups.
B. The means used by American interest groups to influence government decision-making - direct lobbying, indirect lobbying, demonstrations, influencing elections and undertaking court litigation
Direct lobbying refers to the direct lobbying of interest groups to Congress Parliamentarians and government officials express their views in an attempt to influence policy; indirect lobbying refers to influencing decision-makers by influencing voters.
(2) The political role of interest groups
1. The positive role of American interest groups
①Interest groups play a role in American politics between citizens and the government The numerous interest groups representing the working people have very little influence.
② The various factions of the bourgeoisie and their agents compete and share state power through interest groups to check and balance each other, which helps maintain the American capitalist system.
2. The hypocrisy and negative role of American interest groups
① Only a few interest groups play a decisive role in national decision-making.
②Interest groups, as the "middlemen" for public participation in politics, monopolize the public's access to government power.
③Interest groups provide fertile soil for government corruption.
3. The essence of the interest group mechanism
Interest groups are a special form of the bourgeoisie’s control of the state apparatus. They are quite concealed and deceptive. In essence, they are the Control of power under the guise of “public opinion”.
Part 2 International Organizations
1. Introduction to International Organizations (Basic)
(1) Classification of International Organizations
According to the nature of its members, international organizations can be divided into intergovernmental international organizations and non-governmental international organizations.
According to geographical scope, international organizations can be divided into world-wide international organizations and regional international organizations.
According to their functional scope, national organizations can be divided into general international organizations and specialized international organizations.
(2) The role of international organizations
1. The positive role of international organizations: ①International organizations can promote exchanges, coordination, and cooperation between sovereign states in the fields of politics, economy, culture, etc. , ② Mediate and resolve international political conflicts and economic disputes, ③ Promote world peace and development.
2. The negative role of international organizations (the participation of international organizations in international affairs is restricted by many factors and has its limitations): ① When conflicts among members intensify, the capabilities of international organizations are affected. ② Some big countries rely on their strength to try to control international organizations and turn them into tools for their power and hegemony.
2. The increasingly important international organization (personality)
(1) United Nations
1. The status of the United Nations: The United Nations is the most universal and most important organization in the world today. Representative and authoritative worldwide, intergovernmental, general international organization.
And role
2. The purpose of the United Nations - to maintain international peace and security and promote international cooperation and development
3. The main agencies of the United Nations
4. The role of the United Nations
(1) The United Nations has played an important role in safeguarding world peace, promoting common development, and promoting human civilization, and has made great achievements.
(2) As the core of the collective security mechanism, the United Nations plays an irreplaceable role in international cooperation in ensuring global security.
(3) The United Nations economic and social system has made positive contributions to the economic and social development of the world, especially developing countries.
(4) The United Nations is the best place to practice multilateralism, an effective platform to collectively respond to various threats and challenges, a messenger for maintaining peace, and a pioneer for promoting development.
(5) The role of the United Nations can only be strengthened, not weakened. Strengthening the role of the United Nations through reform is in the common interest of all mankind. Reform should promote democracy, extensive consultation, be proactive, prudent, and proceed step by step.
5. China’s status and role in the United Nations
(1) China’s status in the United Nations: ① China is one of the founding countries of the United Nations, ② It is also one of the permanent members of the Security Council , ③ enjoys veto power on major matters related to peace and security, ④ is one of the countries with important influence in the United Nations.
(2) China’s role in the United Nations
① In line with its major international responsibilities, China respects the authoritative status of the United Nations, safeguards the purposes and principles of the Charter, and actively participates in All kinds of work play a constructive role in the cause of human peace and development.
②China insists on achieving common security for all nations through multilateralism;
③China insists on achieving common prosperity for all nations through mutually beneficial cooperation.
④China is one of the earliest advocates and strong supporters of United Nations reform. (Advocate: Reform should be conducive to upholding the purposes and principles of the Charter, better playing the role of the United Nations, and safeguarding the common interests of member states; the representation and voice of developing countries should be increased to effectively safeguard their interests.)
(2) World Trade Organization
1. The status of the World Trade Organization: It is one of the most important international economic organizations in contemporary times and is known as the "Economic United Nations".
2. The purpose of the World Trade Organization
① Improve living standards, ensure full employment, and significantly and steadily increase real income and effective demand;
② Expand production and trade of goods and services;
③Adhere to the path of sustainable development, promote optimal use of the world’s resources, and protect the environment;
④Actively strive to ensure that developing countries, In particular, the least developed countries should obtain a share in the growth of international trade that is commensurate with their economic development needs;
⑤ Establish a complete, more dynamic and lasting multilateral system through substantial reductions in tariffs and other measures trading system.
3. Basic principles of the World Trade Organization
The basic principles of the World Trade Organization include: the principle of non-discrimination, the principle of transparency, the principle of free trade and the principle of fair competition. The principle of non-discrimination includes the principle of most-favored-nation treatment and the principle of national treatment.
4. The role of the WTO:
① Strengthen the international multilateral trading system.
② It deepens the international division of labor and the rational allocation of resources around the world.
③ Promote the unification of the world market and the popularization of market economy.
④ However, various contradictions existing in the WTO itself also restrict its effectiveness.
5. The significance of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization
① It is an inevitable requirement for my country’s reform, opening up and modernization, and it is a major decision made by my country in assessing the situation under the new situation of economic globalization. Strategic Decision.
② It marks that China’s opening up to the outside world has entered a new stage. It is of great significance to our country’s further improvement of the socialist market economic system and the promotion of national economic and social development, and is in line with the fundamental interests of the Chinese people.
③ It is conducive to strengthening and developing the multilateral trading system and is of great significance to promoting a fair and reasonable new international economic order.
④China also faces many opportunities and challenges (rights and obligations) after joining the WTO P90
(3) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
1. APEC status: Asia-Pacific economy The Cooperation Organization is the largest regional economic cooperation organization in the world today. It is a major institution that promotes economic cooperation and promotes common development among Asia-Pacific countries and regions.
2. APEC’s purpose and role
(1) Purpose: ① To maintain economic growth and development for the common interests of the people in the region, ② To promote economic cooperation among members Interdependence, ③ strengthening the open multilateral trading system, and ④ reducing regional trade and investment barriers.
(2) Role: Promoting the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment in the region, as well as economic and technological cooperation.
3. China’s status and role in APEC
(1) China’s status in APEC: China is an important member of APCE.
(2) China’s propositions in APEC:
① China insists that APEC takes economic cooperation as its main direction, does something and refrains from doing something, and exploits strengths and avoids weaknesses. (Flexibility)
② China advocates that APEC should adhere to a unique way of cooperation based on the diversity characteristics of the region, properly handle differences among members, take care of each other's concerns, and seek convergence of interests. , to maintain the cohesion and centripetal force of APEC. (Diversity)
③ China believes that APEC should adhere to a gradual and gradual path forward, steadily advance cooperation, fulfill its commitments, and effectively bring benefits to the people of the region. (Progressive)
④APEC must adhere to the spirit of reform that keeps pace with the times, adapt to changes in the situation in the Asia-Pacific region, and steadily deepen cooperation content based on actual needs and member requirements. (Openness)
(3) China’s role in APEC: China has put forward a series of proposals on APEC’s approach, trade and investment liberalization, facilitation, and economic and technological cooperation, and has made contributions to the development of APEC. Make a positive contribution. (The role is deduced from the proposition)
(4) European Union
1. Overview of the development of China and the European Union
(1) Establishment of relations: May 1975 On the 6th, China and the European Economic Community established formal relations.
(2) Nature of relationship: comprehensive strategic partnership (not alliance)
Introduction: long-term cooperative relationship - comprehensive partnership - comprehensive strategic partnership
(3) Relationship development: The EU has become China's largest trading partner, and the two sides have extensive cooperation and exchanges in various fields such as international affairs, science and technology, and culture.
2. How does China view China-EU relations?
(1) Attitude: ① China attaches great importance to the role and influence of the EU in regional and international affairs, ② is committed to developing a China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership , ③Continuously expand and deepen China-EU relations.
(2) Why can China and Europe establish this relationship? ① China and Europe have many fundamental similarities. Both China and Europe advocate democratization of international relations, multilateralism, strengthening the role of the United Nations, opposing international terrorism, eliminating poverty, protecting the environment and achieving sustainable development. ②China and Europe each have economic advantages and are highly complementary.