What are the specific classifications and development trends of urban community public facilities? Zhongda Consulting will answer them below.
In the process of urbanization in China, with the development of the socialist market economy, the scale of large and medium-sized cities is getting larger and larger, and urban communities have gradually become urban communities that are different from the traditional meaning. Its important symbol is the urban community. There are more and more public facilities in the community. The relationship between public facilities and citizens is getting closer and closer, and they are more and more related to the economic level of the community. The public * government's responsibility for urban community public facilities Attention is growing. This article attempts to analyze the classification and development trends of urban community public facilities from the perspectives of urban sociology and urban economics, aiming to correctly formulate urban community development strategies and thereby plan and construct public facilities more rationally.
In the process of urbanization in China, with the development of the socialist market economy, the scale of large and medium-sized cities is getting larger and larger, and urban communities have gradually become urban communities that are different from the traditional meaning. Its important symbol is the urban community. There are more and more public facilities in the community. The relationship between public facilities and citizens is getting closer and closer, and they are more and more related to the economic level of the community. The public * government's responsibility for urban community public facilities Attention is growing. This article attempts to analyze the classification and development trends of urban community public facilities from the perspectives of urban sociology and urban economics, aiming to correctly formulate urban community development strategies and thereby plan and construct public facilities more rationally. , so that urban community management can achieve people-oriented goals. 1. The institutional background that attracts attention to the construction of urban community public facilities.
Urban community is a type of modern urban community, but it is different from urban community in the general sense. The definition of urban community in this article is that urban community refers to a type of community that is based on population density and social division of labor. It is a type of community that is more complex in its institutional organization and is a higher level in the evolution of human life. Urban communities exist in economically developed cities or international metropolises. As part of urban communities, they have many characteristics of their own: ① From a regional perspective, they are divided into large areas and small areas. Large areas such as Huangpu District and Jing'an in Shanghai Districts, communities such as Xujiahui Street, etc. are generally located within the central city area, rather than newly built communities or suburban fringe areas; ② From a population perspective, the population density is high, the community population is large, the population mobility is strong, and community members are loyal to the community It is not very high; ③ Although the community has obvious boundaries (administrative divisions), community members do not have strong boundary awareness, and many community members do not even know how wide their residential area is; ④ Community members are not aware of the political nature of public parks. Little interest in public affairs and weak participation, but great interest in national and world affairs; ⑤ The interpersonal relationships between community members are not close enough, and private living space and public living space are strictly divided and distinguished, and The requirements for public space are getting higher and higher. The so-called public space is the stage where public life unfolds. There are four types of needs: comfort needs; relaxation needs; passive participation needs; and active participation needs. The concentration of these four needs means that people living in urban communities almost all have a desire to watch other people's behaviors and a motivation to exchange information and participate in activities with others. Satisfying this desire and motivation constitutes an urban community. The reason why public facilities are demanded by people is the psychological basis and interest basis. The larger the public space, the larger the stage for public life and the higher the quality of life of the people. It is in this sense that urban community public facilities are directly related to the personal life of urban community members. Without a certain number of public facilities, it would not be a modern urban community under market economy conditions.
The issue of public facilities in urban communities has not received much attention for a long time in the past. During the planned economy period, private space and public space were almost merged into one. The guild halls and teahouses that existed in the old society almost disappeared in 1949. The public space in the community was shrinking and reducing, and the community The construction of public facilities has always been at a low level. Of course, this pattern is also compatible with a closed society, because in a closed society, everything is done according to rules and old procedures, people have fewer opportunities to communicate and participate, and the requirements for public space are low. Since 1979, China has begun to reform and open up. The society has gradually moved from a closed society to an open society. People demand more opportunities for communication, interaction and participation. They hope that the public space will be larger and more public, and further change the past public society. There is no separation between *** life and private life. To adapt to this requirement, during the reform process, the government gradually clarified its responsibilities and increased investment in the provision of public products. After entering the new century, building a modern public government has become the main content and goal of the urban government administrative reform system. Against this background, urban community governments have also undergone five major changes: from a management-oriented government to a service-oriented government. Government transformation; from interest-based government to neutral government, from omnipotent government to limited government; from mysterious government to transparent government; from power government to responsible government.
In the new government administrative system, as a public management organization, one of the main tasks of the urban community government is to integrate community public resources and use public finance money to invest or provide public facilities. Community public services products, including new public services, are added to meet the needs of community members for public services, making the urban community government truly a public and administrative government and achieving community The government serves the community and implements and meets the requirements of the important thought of Three Represents and the people-centered scientific development concept at the practical level. If this is not done well, elected community leaders risk being ousted. This is the institutional background for urban community public facilities to receive attention.
1. Urban community public facilities are mainly divided into two types: regional public facilities and neighborhood public facilities
In the process of modern urban community governance Among them, the planning and implementation of urban community public facilities have become an important link. The so-called public facilities, as the name suggests, are public goods or services provided by the public government for the public to enjoy or use. According to economics, public facilities are public products provided by the public government. From a sociological perspective, public facilities are facilities that meet people's public needs (such as convenience, safety, participation) and public space choices, such as public administrative facilities, public information Facilities, public health facilities, public sports facilities, public cultural facilities, public transportation facilities, public educational facilities, public greening facilities, public housing, etc. . Urban public facilities are different from rural public facilities. Specifically, urban public facilities refer to urban sewage treatment systems, urban roads, urban bridges, ports, emergency maintenance of municipal facilities, urban squares, and urban street lights. , road signs, urban air defense facilities, urban greening, urban scenic spots, urban parks, etc. City public facilities are divided into paid and non-charged facilities according to whether they are charged or not. In terms of spatial layout, there are three types of public facilities: city-wide public facilities, regional public facilities, and neighborhood public facilities. The urban community public facilities referred to in this article are composed of the latter two. Specifically:
(1) Regional public facilities refer to public facilities in a large area, which have a wide spatial range and are enjoyed by all community members. The main facilities include regional large-scale libraries, information network centers, regional historical relics museums, international exhibition centers, specialized hospitals, regional sports venues, regional literary and art centers, regional cultural centers, and tourism consultation service centers.
(2) Neighborhood public facilities refer to the public facilities in the community, which have a narrow spatial range and are very close to some community members. The main facilities include outdoor open squares, neighborhood green spaces or street parks, small sports facilities, community activity centers, children's play venues, local traditional performance stages, middle schools, primary schools, kindergartens, nurseries, important bus stops, and public toilets. , fire stations, substations, garbage stations, etc.
Urban community public facilities are an important part of the entire urban public facilities and an important public product provided by the government. Empirical analysis of economics shows that the public services provided by community governments relying on community public facilities are only part of the public services of the entire society and are different from socially oriented personal services for citizens or private services (such as Psychological counseling and treatment, career counseling, housekeeping services, physical and mental health care, etc.). Whether they are regional public facilities or neighborhood public facilities, their main service targets are groups with public needs or common preferences, such as the elderly, children, and women in the community. groups, migrant populations, etc. From the perspective of classified items, in the composition of urban community public facilities, community public facilities run by the community themselves, such as community colleges, community hospitals, community libraries, community museums, community parks, community theaters, Community green spaces, etc., will continue to increase with the development of social economy and overall social progress. Relying on and relying on the public resources of urban communities, public services provided by communities will become more and more popular, and social members will benefit more broadly and the number of beneficiaries will be greater. Living in an urban community with complete public facilities, people's living conditions and quality of life, participation in public life, and the cultivation of harmonious interpersonal relationships will be fully guaranteed. It is in this sense that without urban community public facilities as a means and carrier, urban community development that meets the needs of community public space will be empty talk. Expanding the quantity and quality of urban community public facilities will play an increasingly important role in future community development.
2. Urban community public facilities should gradually become free of charge in the long run
Generally speaking, urban community public facilities are mostly allocated or invested by community governments. Many facilities have been built with funding from social groups, celebrities, and corporate organizations. Unlike urban public facilities that are charged or paid for use, people are not possessive or exclusive in the consumption process. They have no value, no market, and private business owners are not allowed to buy and sell freely. Should public facilities in urban communities be used for free or for a fee? The issue has been hotly debated online, and opinions remain divided to this day.
The author believes that it is not appropriate to make generalizations, but to conduct specific analysis. Urban community public facilities cannot be fully charged for use, nor can they all be open for free. An analysis must be conducted from two aspects: long-term trends and immediate realities.
Urban community public facilities have existed in the world for a hundred years. Western developed countries have accumulated a lot of management experience. In the long run, urban community public facilities will definitely be free to use or Zero-distance openness is the result of social and economic development and the product of social progress and maturity. Specifically, free use of public facilities in urban communities can bring four major benefits:
First, it can obtain the greatest urban social benefits, and the good reputation and urban humanities brought by free use Care is conducive to establishing a modern and highly civilized city image. Such benefits are far greater than the economic benefits obtained from charging, and fully demonstrates the value concept of the modern urban community government for community members and everyone in the community;< /p>
Secondly, it is easy and quick to gather popularity and relieve the pressure of urban hollowing. Free use of public facilities in urban communities will greatly reduce the living expenses of permanent members of the community and attract more high-end residents. Levels of outsiders move in, thus keeping the land resource prices and house prices of community plots high, increasing community tax revenue, and improving the public * financial capacity of the community government. This is the free public * provided by modern public * governments. *The positive interactive results brought by the product;
Thirdly, it helps to improve people's quality. In the process of receiving free services from public facilities, what people feel most is the warmth of a modern civilized city. , it strengthens a modern public consciousness and develops a good consumption habit, which is conducive to building a healthy spiritual home for urban communities and creating a perfect urban spirit, thus enhancing the competitiveness and brand value of the community;
Fourth, it is helpful to reduce social conflicts or confrontations caused by the gap between the rich and the poor in the city. From the perspective of social product distribution, the more free public facilities, the more equitable the distribution of social wealth. People with low economic income will share in the fruits of rapid urban economic growth from free use, thus Give up or reduce hatred of the rich and promote social and class harmony.
From a global perspective, free use of public facilities is indeed a general trend. Of course, for this approach to fully become a reality, it also depends on great economic development, great progress in urban management, and the quality of people. Greatly improve these prerequisites. Without these conditions, or if they are not fully met, the trend of free use of public facilities in urban communities will not come soon.
Under the conditions of market economy, the private service market industry is becoming more and more developed, and it is often intertwined with the public service industry. Free use of public service facilities in urban areas will go through a transition. This process requires partial charging first, and it is essential for proper commercial operation and paid use of some public facilities. In the final analysis, this is determined by the reality of the primary stage of socialism in China. At this stage, although the public financial capacity of urban community governments has been greatly improved compared to the past, it is not yet qualified to fully bear the burden of free use of public facilities. Due to the limited financial resources of community governments, even if they invest in the construction of many public facilities in urban communities, they often end well, and their follow-up management and services are often insufficient. Many free public facilities services The quality has dropped greatly, and the efficiency and ability of subsequent processing are quite low. Instead of this, it is better to provide paid services to make people feel relieved and worry-free. Practice has proved that appropriate charging will greatly improve the use efficiency and service level of public facilities. Many public facilities that were once free have improved their service and management to a higher level after re-introducing the magic weapon of charging.
In addition, due to the limitations of low productivity levels, and because the traditional Chinese public consciousness, citizen norms and codes are still far away from the behavioral requirements for free services in public facilities, public facilities It is also difficult to find a management method for the free use of public facilities. Under such circumstances, the free use of public facilities should not only be suspended. On the contrary, paid use of public facilities in urban communities may be more suitable for people. of actual thought and current reality. Taking Beijing as an example, since 2002, all public toilets with second-class standards or above in Beijing have been open to the public free of charge. Although the relevant departments of the municipal government have issued corresponding management measures, these management measures are not very operable, and even after free use, There have been many headaches. Because there are too many people going to the toilet, the water pressure in the toilet is not enough, and it cannot be repaired for a long time. In order to save water and electricity, some public toilets are closed after dark, or even before dark, resulting in Citizens complained and complained constantly. Shanghai's free opening of large parks on the 10th of every month is another example of the problems caused by large amounts of garbage and damaged facilities. Of course, the pilot program for free use of public facilities in urban communities will continue.
The problem of public facilities in urban communities is an unavoidable issue in the development of urban communities. It has attracted more and more attention and attention from urban community governments and even modern public governments. In the past, sociology and economics have paid more and more attention to There are not many academic studies on this inconspicuous issue, and relevant results are not common. However, the news media has given it a larger space from the perspective of real estate reporting. In fact, urban community public facilities are the object of games of different interests, and different considerations and calculations will occur from different standpoints.
Community government leaders, in order to achieve political achievements and establish a community brand, often hope to carry out some image projects on public facilities projects, and even in order to win the recognition and loyalty of community members, they often produce plans for community public facilities. This card; community members, especially those with low economic income, starting from their own interests, hope that there will be more public facilities in the community; commercial operators and real estate investors regard winning the bid for public facilities as making money. In view of the opportunities for profit, we strongly advocate the establishment of more public facilities projects; from the perspective of national macro-policy, the construction of large-scale public facilities can be said to be the most typical collective consumption, which can not only provide jobs in a large area, but also It can also strongly stimulate demand, attract investment from other places, and play a role in influencing tourism, culture and other related industries, thereby improving the overall competitiveness of the entire community and the entire city. It is precisely based on the above interests and considerations that increasing investment in urban community public facilities has become the consensus of all parties. In the new era of building a well-off society in an all-round way, planning and building urban community public facilities will become a The key to the development of metropolitan areas may also be a new growth point for China’s urban economy. In this regard, urban sociology and urban economics must pay sufficient attention and academic analysis.
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