The establishment of the British constitutional monarchy 1. The content and influence of the "Bill of Rights" 1. Time: 1689, promulgated by the British Parliament 2. Purpose: to limit the king's rights 3. Content: to limit the king's power; Guarantee the parliament's legislative, financial, judicial and military powers. 4. Impact: The divine right of kings was denied; the power of Parliament increasingly exceeded the power of the king, and the king began to be in the position of "ruling without governing"; the British constitutional monarchy was established. 2. The meaning (understanding) of the responsible cabinet 1. Formation: In 1721, the responsible cabinet was formed under Waldo, who became the first prime minister in British history. 2. Composition: Composed of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Ministers. 3. Characteristics: The head of cabinet A is the prime minister, and cabinet members are consistent with the prime minister on major policies, and the cabinet collective responsibility system is implemented. The B cabinet is nominally responsible to the king, but actually responsible to the parliament; when a political party becomes the majority party, it gains governing status, and the party leader will be appointed as prime minister by the king. Prime Minister C has the right to nominate cabinet members and ministers, decide on important national policies, and control the administrative power of the country. At the same time, the Prime Minister can also control legislative power through the parliament, so that the Prime Minister actually controls the power of the country. The establishment of the U.S. federal government 1. The content of the U.S. Constitution of 1787 (memory) A stipulates the form of the U.S. national structure: a federal state. Federal power is greater than that of the states. The federal government has political, economic, military and diplomatic powers; states can enact local laws and have certain autonomy without violating the constitution. This can not only give full play to local initiative, but also avoid excessive centralization. The combination of centralization and decentralization is conducive to the development of American capitalism. B stipulates the power structure of the federal government: separation of powers. ①Legislative power belongs to Congress; ②Executive power belongs to the President; and ③Judicial power belongs to the federal courts. The three powers are independent and equal, but they restrict each other to prevent the emergence of autocracy. 2. The power structure of American federalism (understanding) 1. The structure of the federal government: ① National legislative power belongs to Congress, which is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Laws must be passed by both houses of Congress and approved by the President before they can take effect. ②Executive power belongs to the president, who is indirectly elected by voters. The president has great power. He is the head of state, the head of administration, and the commander-in-chief of the army. He can exercise dictatorial powers in wartime. ③The highest judicial authority in the United States is the federal court. Justices are appointed by the President, subject to the approval of the Senate. It can exercise supreme jurisdiction over all cases within the scope of the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, and treaties. 2. Principles embodied: separation of three powers and mutual restraint. The separation of the three powers highlights the principle of constraints and balance. That is, any one power among the three powers of executive, legislative and judicial power must be restricted by the other two powers, and no one power shall be greater than the other two powers. 3. Comparative (synthetic) similarities between the American presidential system and the British constitutional monarchy: they are both basic forms of political power used by the bourgeoisie to manage the country, and both are essentially capitalist in nature. Differences: Britain: ① The monarch is the symbolic head of state, in a state of "ruling without governing", and most of his responsibilities are ceremonial. The monarch is hereditary. ②Parliament has the power to legislate, organize and supervise the government. ③The government (cabinet) holds administrative power, is elected by the parliament, is responsible to the parliament, and is supervised by the parliament. United States: ① The president is both the head of state and the head of government. The president has overall executive power and commands the army, navy and air force. The president is elected. ②The executive agency and the legislative body are independent of each other. As the legislative body, members of Congress cannot concurrently hold administrative positions; and government officials of the executive agency cannot concurrently serve as members. ③The elected president organizes the government. The key to whether each political party can come to power is not whether it obtains a majority of seats in the parliament, but whether it can win the presidential election. 1. The Constitution of the Third French Republic in 1875 (Knowledge) 1. The establishment of the French Republic and the political system: The National Assembly passed the Constitution of the Third French Republic, legally establishing the French Republic and the French Republic. Government. 2. The executive power of the country is controlled by the President. The President is the head of state and the supreme commander of the military. It has the power to appoint ministers and other senior officials, conclude and ratify treaties, and dissolve the House of Representatives with the consent of the Senate. 3. Legislative power belongs to the Parliament, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Members of the House of Representatives are elected directly by adult men for four-year terms; Senators are elected indirectly for nine-year terms, one-third of which are re-elected every three years. The Senate has the power to veto resolutions passed by the House of Representatives. The president is elected by a joint meeting of the House of Representatives and the Senate for a seven-year term and may be re-elected.
2. The Constitution of the German Empire in 1871 (Shiji) A. The emperor holds the power of the country. He is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the army. He has the power to appoint officials and convene.