marked by Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Xiaogong's era, legalist thought officially became the official ideology of Qin. Before Shang Yang's political reform in Qin State, the political reforms of Wei Li Kui and Wei Wuqi in Wei State and Chu State respectively can be regarded as the political practice of legalist theory. Before Shang Yang's political reform, Qin was basically not a complete country, and its power was monopolized by nobles. Ordinary Qin people not only shouldered most of the economic burden of supporting the rentier class, but also had to fight for their national defense for life, resulting in the decline of people's livelihood, brain drain and weak national strength. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin became a typical country ruled by law, with the characteristics of all legalists ruling by law. The core content of legalist political idea is: while consolidating the supreme leadership of hereditary monarch, it emphasizes the role of professional bureaucrats in daily administrative affairs. From this, the following viewpoints are derived: 1. Oppose the monopoly of the aristocratic class on official positions, because the monopoly of the aristocratic class on official positions not only threatens the supreme monarchy, but also hinders the promotion of non-aristocratic professional bureaucrats who have mastered a lot of administrative skills; 2. Pay attention to agriculture, officials and soldiers, and despise business, industry and Confucianism. This is because under the condition that the official position is not hereditary, the promotion of officials can only be achieved through the assessment of political achievements. It is easy to quantify the contributions of farmers, soldiers and officials to the country (such as how much food farmers pay and how many soldiers kill the enemy), but it is difficult to do occupations such as businessmen (in the pre-Qin era, taxes were food rather than money, so it was difficult for the country). 3. Anti-feudalism. The so-called feudalism means that the monarch sealed the land as a salary to useful slaves. The typical dynasties of feudalism were the Western Zhou Dynasty in China and the Middle Ages in Europe. Under the feudal system, it is very likely to form an aristocratic class that threatens the monarchy and restricts the official power. Under this imperial system, land can be bought and sold freely, and the country's politics is stable, thus laying the foundation for the germination of capitalism. Capitalism in China first sprouted in the Song Dynasty when imperialism was practiced, and the second time was at the end of the Ming Dynasty. These two buddings of capitalism were both wiped out by the brutal invasion of lower nomadic peoples. Both the Mongol Yuan Empire and the Manchu Empire were backward dynasties that practiced racism. This is because under the racism, the mutual supervision and mutual restriction between imperial power and official power in Legalist theory exist in name only. Take Manchu as an example, Manchu officials colluded with Manchu emperors to oppress the vast number of Han people, and Manchu emperors also exploited Han people with Manchu officials.